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Chemistry 化学 Chimie Chemie

大亮的化学窝

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January 18

最全的化学数据库(zz)


1. 化合物毒性相关数据库
Toxnet http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/
2毒性物质与健康和环境数据库 http://esc.syrres.com/efdb/TSCATS.htm
3. 急性毒性数据库 http://www.cerc.usgs.gov/data/acute/acute.html
4. SpectraOnline,Galact http://spectra.galactic.com/SpectraOnline/Default_ie
.htm
5. 药物使用指南,USP DI http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.ht
ml
6。美国常用药物索引库RxList http://www.rxlist.com/
7. 有机化合物光谱资料库系统 http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/menu-e.html
8. NIST的Chemistry WebBook http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/
9. 化合物基本物性库 http://chemfinder.camsoft.com
10. 化学物质热力学数据 http://www.codata.org/databases/key1.html
11. 溶剂数据库SOLV-DB http://solvdb.ncms.org/solvdb.htm
12. 三维结构数据库NCI-3D http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/nci3d/
13. 有机合成手册数据库 http://www.orgsyn.org/
14. Beilstein Abstracts http://www.chemweb.com/databases/belabs
15. 有机合成文献综述数据库
http://www.thieme-chemistry.com/... als/info/index.html
16. 预测LogP和LogW http://www.logp.com/
17. 物性、质谱、晶体结构数据库 http://factrio.jst.go.jp/
18. 网上光谱资料库 http://spectra.galactic.com/SpectraOnline/Default_ie.htm
19. 中国科学院学位论文数据库 http://docdb.las.ac.cn/cgrs
全球实用化学化工期刊和数据库网址
资源名称: AIChE(美国化学工程师协会)
资源地址: http://www.aiche.org/
获取途径: 部分资源可免费查阅
资源名称: American Chemical Society(美国化学学会网站)
资源地址: http://www.chemistry.org/
获取途径: 大部分资源可免费查阅,34种期刊( http://pubs.acs.org/about.html)
全部免费阅览全文。
精选网络化学资源之一 常用资源
? A. 元素周期表 WebElements - http://www.webelements.com/
B. 化合物性质(MSDS)
ChemFinder服务 http://www.chemfinder.com/
化学专家站点 http://www.chemexper.com/ccd/power/index.shtml
化学快查站点 http://www.chemquik.com/scripts/main.asp
Vermont安全信息资源公司 http://hazard.com/msds/index.html
Cornell大学 http://msds.pdc.cornell.edu/msdssrch.asp
MSDS查找 http://www.msdsonline.com/
C. 光谱学数据和有机化合物的查找
NIMC站点 http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/menu-e.html
化学专家站点ChemExper Chem. Directory - http://www.chemexper.com/ccd/power/i
ndex.shtml
NIST站点 http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/
银河网 http://spectra.galactic.com/spconline/
有机化学数据库 http://www.colby.edu/chemistry/cmp/cmp.html
D. 家庭教师索引 http://www.chemistrycoach.com/tutorial.htm#tutorial
E. 化学练习题 http://college.wiley.com/Malone3... one_site/Malone.htm
F. 化学教育期刊索引(JCE) http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/Journal/Search/index
.html
G. 搜索引擎
Google - http://www.google.com
Alta Vista - http://www.raging.com/
Fast - http://www.alltheweb.com
Hotbot - http://hotbot.lycos.com/
Ixquick - http://ixquick.com/
Dog-pile - http://www.dogpile.com/
H. 化学关键词查找期刊摘要 http://chemweb.com/(free registration, go to data
bases)
精选网络化学资源之二 化学物质的性质
? A. 元素周期表
1. Web Elements - http://www.webelements.com/
2. 其他有图表的元素周期表
a. http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html
b. http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/periodic.html
c. http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/periodictable.html
d. http://klbproductions.com/yogi/periodic/
e. http://www.chemicool.com/Chemicool/
3. Mendeleev表 - http://maple.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/mendeleev.html
4. 其它元素周期表
* http://le-village.ifrance.com/okapi/periodic3.htm
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/4693/index.html
http://www.psinvention.com/periodic.htm
http://www.hwscience.com/smarsden/elements.htm
http://www.uky.edu/~holler/periodic/periodic.html
http://www.liv.ac.uk/Chemistry/Links/refperiodic.html
http://members.aol.com/WebChem/ProjectFrameSet.html
http://www.chemicalelements.com/
http://www.superdeluxe.com/eleme... s/chemistry/rushin/
StudentProjects/ElementWebsites/ElectPeriodicTable.htm
http://www.gcsechemistry.com/pt.htm
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/kaboom/elemental/
* http://PeriodicTable.com/
* http://www.tabulka.cz/english/
* http://www.vcs.ethz.ch/chemglobe/ptoe/
* http://www.apsidium.com/
* http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/applets/a2.html
5. 元素周期表的目录列表
http://www.chemdex.org/chemdex/periodic-tables.html
http://www.anachem.umu.se/cgi-bin/pointer.exe?
http://www-sci.lib.uci.edu/HSG/GradChemistry.html#TABLES
http://home.ptd.net/~swenger/#periodic
http://www.theCatalyst.org/m03ptabl.html
http://macedonia.nrcps.ariadne-t... y2.pl?select=01-390
http://www.liv.ac.uk/Chemistry/Links/refperiodic.html
http://www.chemistrycoach.com/periodic_tables.htm#PeriodicTables
http://chemistry.about.com/education/chemistry/msub9.htm
6. 同位素知识
http://ie.lbl.gov/education/isotopes.htm
http://www.dne.bnl.gov/CoN/index.html
http://140.198.18.108/periodic/isotopes.html
B. 化合物
o 1. MSDS的化合物性质
a.ChemFinder服务 http://www.chemfinder.com/
b.化学专家 http://www.chemexper.com/ccd/power/index.shtml
c.化学快查 - http://www.chemquik.com/scripts/main.asp
d.化学飞速 - http://esc.syrres.com/efdb/Chemfate.htm
e.Chemidplus - http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/
2. 化学目录(包括部分性质) -
a. Aldrich, Sigma, Fluka (now with MSDS) - http://www.sigma-aldrich.com/
3. MSDS的化学目录 -
a. Arcos and Fisher - http://www.fishersci.com/
b. JT Baker (&Mallinckrodt) - http://www.jtbaker.com
4. MSDS 的材料安全数据表
a. MSDS在线? http://www.msdsonline.com/
b.牛津大学 http://physchem.ox.ac.uk:80/MSDS/
c. Directory of MSDS compilations, University of Kentucky - UmZEmuch.NetIkNe
WFuZ2Rvbmd5dQ==FQG
http://www.ilpi.com/msds/index.html
d. MSDS 搜索引擎
Vermont 安全信息资源公司 http://hazard.com/msds/index.html
Cornell大学 http://msds.pdc.cornell.edu/msdssrch.aspMSDS搜索 - http://www.m
sdssearch.com/
e. http://www.liv.ac.uk/Chemistry/Links/refmsds.html
5. 查找有机化合物的性质
a. 有机化学数据库 http://www.colby.edu/chemistry/cmp/cmp.html
b. 点击强力搜索 at: http://www.chemexper.com/ccd/power/index.shtml
c. 银河 - http://spectra.galactic.com/spconline/
d. NIMC站点 http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/menu-e.html
6. 化学物质的应用
a. ChemExpo Commercial Chemical Profiles? http://www.chemexpo.com/news/profi
le.cfm#menu
b. 化学与化工 http://ci.mond.org
7. 有机物的溶解性
http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/smurov/orgsoltab.htm
http://solvdb.ncms.org/solvdb.htm
http://wulfenite.fandm.edu/Data%20/Table_26.html
8. 毒性
http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris/index.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/toxnetfs.html
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/
9. 环境保护基金会的化学物质“计分表” http://www.scorecard.org/chemical-prof
iles/
10. 光谱和热力学性质
NIST站点的红外、质谱和热力学数据 http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/
NIMC站点的核磁共振、红外和质谱数据 http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/menu-e.h
tml
银河 http://spectra.galactic.com/spconline/
化学专家主页 http://www.chemexper.com/ccd/power/index.shtml
红外谱图 http://www.che.utexas.edu/~dls/ir/
11. 酸碱的浓度、缓冲性质和平衡常数 http://155.135.31.26/oliver/chemdata/
12. 全美环境计划(UNEP)
一个有关安全使用化学品的站点 http://irptc.unep.ch/
13. 全美癌症数据 http://nci.chemfinder.com/nci99/index.asp
精选网络化学资源之三 化学事实和数据
? A. 事实
o 1. 基本常数(1986 CODATA推荐值) http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/ind
ex.html?/codata86.html
2.转换系数 http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/units.html
http://www.megaconverter.com/Cv_start.htm
? B. 概念
o 1. 物质的状态和磁性 http://www.ccl.net/cca/documents/dyoung/topics-orig/
2. 化学概念和术语
化学大百科 http://www.chem.vt.edu/chem-ed/scidex.html
词汇 http://www.chemistrycoach.com/high.htm#definitionsof chemical
http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary/
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/glossary.shtml
http://netaccess.on.ca/~dbc/cic_hamilton/dictionary/a.html
http://www.treasure-troves.com/chem/letters/
http://www.wbaileynet.com/wldchem/home/refer/aframe.htm
http://www.infoplease.com/
http://klbproductions.com/yogi/chemistry/dictionary/
词汇和术语 http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/
参见 十、化学教育资源
3. 实验室操作 http://antoine.frostburg.edu/che... ety/resources.shtml
4. Safety, Ira Remsen quotation - http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/smurov/re
msen.htm
5. 核 - http://library.thinkquest.org/3659/nucreact/
6. 平衡常数
http://www.chem.ualberta.ca/courses/plambeck/p101/p0040x.htm
http://www.compusmart.ab.ca/plambeck/che/data/p0040x.htm
http://155.135.31.26/oliver/chemdata/
http://wulfenite.fandm.edu/Data%20/Data.html
http://155.135.31.26/oliver/pubdomdb.htm
7. pH 值和滴定曲线
http://www.science.ubc.ca/~chem/tutorials/pH/index.html
http://jeffline.tju.edu/CWIS/DEP... utorial/phmenu.html
8.第二定律
http://www.secondlaw.com/
http://www.2ndlaw.com/
9. 有效数字、单位和单位换算
a. 有效数字 http://maple.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rayleigh.html
http://maple.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/acspaper.html
b. 单位 http://abcnews.go.com/sections/s... sclimate990930.html
http://clive.canoe.ca/CNEWSHeyMartha9911/10_metric.html
http://www.welchco.com/sd/08/00101/02/99/10/01/165724.HTM
c. 单位换算 http://www.acs.org/vc2/2my/my2_143.html
http://www.cheresources.com/flightzz.shtml
10. 理论化学 http://www.hec.utah.edu/TheoryPage/
精选网络化学资源之四 应用化学
? A. 氮、食物和火焰 http://www3.cems.umn.edu/orgs/aiche/archive/history/h_s_
n2.html
or http://www.che.boun.edu.tr/~che/akman/history/h_s_n2.html
B. 硫酸-硫酸制造、化学工业之门
http://www3.cems.umn.edu/orgs/aiche/archive/history/h_s_acid.html
or http://www.che.boun.edu.tr/~che/akman/history/h_s_acid.html
C. 石油
o 1. 石油:化工原料和能源 http://www3.cems.umn.edu/orgs/aiche/archive/histor
y/h_energy.html
or http://www.che.boun.edu.tr/~che/akman/history/h_energy.html
2. 现代的石油提炼-一个实例
http://www3.cems.umn.edu/orgs/aiche/archive/history/h_refine.html
or http://www.che.boun.edu.tr/~che/akman/history/h_refine.html
3. 化石用于燃料 http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/c... /fossils/index.html
4. 石油勘探 http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/c... findoils/index.html
D. 化学工业
o 1. 化学50强(1996) http://pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/cenear/960624/prod.html
2. 1997 事实和数字 http://pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/cenear/970623/facts.html
3. 2000 事实和数字 http://pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/cenear/000626/7826intro.html

E. 化学应用参见二-B-
F. 化工中的危险 http://stats.bls.gov/news.release/osh.t01.htm
G. 化工专业引擎- http://www.chemindustry.com/
这个网站下载专利 http://www.pat2pdf.org/


October 05

2007 lg nobel prize winners

2007 lg nobel prize winners
  • Aviation: Patricia V. Agostino, Santiago A. Plano and Diego A. Golombek, for discovering that hamsters recover from jetlag more quickly when given Viagra.
  • Biology: Johanna E.M.H. van Bronswijk, for taking a census of all the mites and other life forms that live in people's beds.
  • Chemistry: Mayu Yamamoto for extracting vanilla flavor from cow dung.
  • Economics: Kuo Cheng Hsieh, for patenting a device to catch bank robbers by ensnaring them in a net.
  • Linguistics: Juan Manuel Toro, Josep B. Trobalon and Nuria Sebastian-Galles, for determining that rats sometimes can't distinguish between Japanese, played backward, and Dutch, played backward.
  • Literature: Glenda Browne, for her study of the word "the".
  • Medicine: Dan Meyer and Brian Witcombe, for investigating the side-effects of swallowing swords.
  • Nutrition: Brian Wansink, for investigating people's appetites by secretly feeding them a self-refilling bowl of soup.
  • Peace: The Air Force Wright Laboratory in Dayton, Ohio, for research and development of a 'gay bomb"  which would cause enemy troops to become sexually attractive to each other.
  • Physics: L. Mahadevan and Enrique Cerda Villablanca for their theoretical study of how sheets become wrinkled.

 

February 21

F. Albert Cotton dies at 76

F. Albert Cotton, a distinguished professor of chemistry designated as the "preeminent inorganic chemist in the world" and credited with helping turn Texas A&M into a research university, died Tuesday.
February 09

13C NMR Chemical Shift

COMPOUND TYPE

CARBON TYPE

CHEMICAL SHIFT (ppm)

ALKANES (sp3)

 

R-CH3

 

R2-CH2-

 

R3-CH-

8-30

 

15-55

 

20-65

ALKENES (sp2)

 

C=C

100-150

ALKYNE (sp)

      

     

65-90

AROMATICS

 

110-175

 

ALCOHOLS

C-OH

 

40-80

ETHERS

C-O-C

 

40-80

AMINES

 

30-65

AMIDES

 

160-180

NITRILES

 

110-135

ALDEHYDES

 

190-210

KETONES

 

 

a,b-UNSATURATED

 

200-220

 

 

190-210

ESTERS

 

160-170

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

 

160-185

ACID CHLORIDES

 

160-180

ANHYDRIDES

 

150-180

HALIDES

C-I

 

C-Br

0-40

 

25-65

19F NMR Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants

Table of Chemical Shift Ranges

Type of Compound Chemical Shift Range (ppm)
Relative to neat CFCl3
-F-C=O -70 to -20
-CF3- +40 to +80
-CF2- +80 to +140
-CF- +140 to +250
-ArF- +80 to +170

Chemical Shift Table

For certain compounds, the listed chemical shift pertains to the F shown in bold. The primary references for these values are:
1) the 1991 Bruker Almanac, and
2) Compilation of reported F19 NMR chemical shifts, 1951 to mid-1967 by Claude H. Dungan and John R. Van Wazer.
Negative shifts are those that appear upfield of CFCl3 and positive shifts are those that appear downfield.
Compound Chemical Shift (ppm)
Relative to neat CFCl3
CFCl3 0.00
MeF -271.9
CF3H (in CFCl3) -78.6
CF3H (in EtO) -78.6
CF2H2 -143.6
EtF -213
FCH=CH2 -114
F2C=CH2 -81.3
F2C=CF2 -135
CF3COOH (in CFCl3) -76.55
CF3COOH (neat) -78.5
CF3COOH (in CCl4 -76.3
CF3COOC6H6 -73.85
CF3COOCH2C6H6 -75.02
CF3COOCH3 -74.21
CF3COOEt (neat) -78.7
CF3COO(CH2)n -74 to -75
C6F6 -164.9
C6H5F -113.5
p-FC6H4F -106.0
CFH2Ph -207
C6H5CF3 -63.72
C4F8 -135.15
C5F10 -132.9
CF3R -60 to -70
CHF2OR ~-82
(CF3)2CO -84.6
CH2CN -251
F2 +422.92
CF3Cl -28.6
ClF3 +116, -4
ClF5 +247,+412
CF2Cl2 -8
CFCl2CFCl2 -67.8
CFBr3 +7.38
CF2Br2 +7
IF4F(equatorial) +58.9
IF7 +170
AsF3 -40.6
AsF5 -66
[AsF6]-1 -69.5
BF3 -131.3
(CH3)2O.BF3 -158.3
(C2H5)2O.BF3 -153
[BeF4]-1 -163
MoF6 -278
ReF7 +345
SF6 +57.42
SO2F -78.5
S2O5F2 +47.2
SbF5 -108
[SbF6]-1 -109
SeF6 +55
(C2H5)2SiF2 -143.0
SiF4 -163.3
[SiF6]-2 -127
TeF6 -57
WF6 +166
XeF2 +258
XeF4 +438
XeF6 +550
NF3 147
SOF2 75.68
C6H5SO2F (dilute) 65.464
C6H5SO2F (20% conc) 65.514
SF6 (dilute) 57.617
SF6 (10% conc 57.42
SO2F2 33.17
CBr3F (dilute) 7.388
CBr3F (80% conc) 7.043
CCl2F2 -6.848
CClF3 -28.1
PF3 -34.0
(CF3)3N (dilute) -55.969
(CF3)3N (30% conc) -55.969
CF3CF2CF2I -60.470
CF4 -62.3
C6H5CF3 (dilute) -63.732
C6H5CF3 (40% conc) -63.370
PF5 -71.5
CCl2F.CCl2F (dilute) -67.775
CCl2F.CCl2F (20% conc) -67.834
(CF3)3CF -74.625
CF3CO2H (dilute) -76.530
CF3CO2H (20% conc) -76.542
CF3(CF2)5CF3 -81.60
CF3(CF2)2CF3 -81.85
[CF3CF2CF2]N -85.19
POF3 -90.7
CF3CF2CF2CF2CN -107.1
CF3CF2CF2CF2CN -105.764

Homonuclear Couplings

Listed Coupling constant values pertain to Fs shown in bold.
Compound Coupling Constant (Hz)
(CF3CF2)2NCF3 10.2
(CF3CF2)2NCF3 15.18
(CF3CF2)2NCF3 6.8
[CF3CF2]3N 13.6
CF3CF2N[CF3]2 <1
CF3CF2N[CF3]2 16
CF3CF2N[CF3]2 6
(CF3CF2)2O 3.4
(CF3]3CF 1.4
CF3CF2H 2.8
CF3CFH2 15.5
CF3CF2CHF2 4.5
CF3CF2CHF2 7.3
CF3CF2CH2F 15.2
CF3CF2CH2F 7.9
CF2Cl.CF2.CH2F 15.1
CF2Cl.CF2.CH2F 7.7
CF2Cl.CF2.CH2F 3.9
CF2Br.CF2.CH2F 15.5
CF2Br.CF2.CH2F 7.7
CF2Br.CF2.CH2F 3.9
CFFBr.CHFBr 21
CFFBr.CHFBr 24
CFFBr.CHFBr 174
CFFBr.CHFCl 18
CFFBr.CHFCl 18
CFFBr.CHFCl 177
CFFBr.CFClBr 13
CFFBr.CFClBr 14
CFFBr.CFClBr 159
CFF(SiCl3).CFClBr 16.8
CFF(SiCl3).CFClBr 16.8
CFF(SiCl3).CFClBr 343
CF3.CFF.CFICl 270.4
CFF=CFCl 76
CFF=CFCl (cis) 56
CFF=CFCl (trans) 116
CFCl=CFCl (cis) 37.5
CFCl=CFCl (trans) 129.57
CFF=CFCF3 57
CFF=CFCF3 (cis) 39
CFF=CFCF3 (trans) 116
CFF=CFCF3 (trans) 8
CFF=CFCF3 (cis) 22
CFF=CFCF3 13
(cyclopropane) CH2.CFF.CHCH3 157
(cyclobutane) CH2.CFF.CCl2.CCl2 187
(cyclobutene) CFF.CH(C2H5).CCl2=CCl 192
(cyclobutane) CFF.CFF.CH2.CHCClH2 230
(cyclobutane) CFF.CFF.CH2.CHCClH2 240
(cyclohexane) CFH.CFH.CFH.CFH.CFH.CFF 284

31P NMR Chemical Shifts

Phosphorous (III) Chemical Shift Table (from Bruker Almanac 1991)

Compound Chemical Shift (ppm)
Relative to 85% H3PO4
PMe3 -62
PEt3 -20
PPr(n)3 -33
PPr(i)3 +19.4
PBu(n)3 -32.5
PBu(i)3 -45.3
PBu(s)3 +7.9
PBu(t)3 +63
PMeF2 245
PMeH2 -163.5
PMeCl2 +192
PMeBr2 +184
PMe2F +186
PMe2H -99
PMe2Cl -96.5
PMe2Br -90.5

Phosphorous (V) Chemical Shift Table (from Bruker Almanac 1991)

Compound Chemical Shift (ppm)
Relative to 85% H3PO4
Me3PO +36.2
Et3PO +48.3
[Me4P]+1 +24.4
[PO4]-3 +6.0
PF5 -80.3
PCl5 -80
MePF4 -29.9
Me3PF2 -158
Me3PS +59.1
Et3PS +54.5
[Et4p]+1 +40.1
[PS4]-3 +87
[PF6]-1 -145
[PCl4]+1 +86
[PCl6]-1 -295
Me2PF3 +8.0

1H NMR Chemical Shift

Type of Proton Structure Chemical Shift, ppm
Cyclopropane C3H6 0.2
Primary R-CH3 0.9
Secondary R2-CH2 1.3
Tertiary R3-C-H 1.5
Vinylic C=C-H 4.6-5.9
Acetylenic triple bond,CC-H 2-3
Aromatic Ar-H 6-8.5
Benzylic Ar-C-H 2.2-3
Allylic C=C-CH3 1.7
Fluorides H-C-F 4-4.5
Chlorides H-C-Cl 3-4
Bromides H-C-Br 2.5-4
Iodides H-C-I 2-4
Alcohols H-C-OH 3.4-4
Ethers H-C-OR 3.3-4
Esters RCOO-C-H 3.7-4.1
Esters H-C-COOR 2-2.2
Acids H-C-COOH 2-2.6
Carbonyl Compounds H-C-C=O 2-2.7
Aldehydic R-(H-)C=O 9-10
Hydroxylic R-C-OH 1-5.5
Phenolic Ar-OH 4-12
Enolic C=C-OH 15-17
Carboxylic RCOOH 10.5-12
Amino RNH2 1-5
January 09

cooling / storage system

 
Liquid nitrogen vapour: –190°C
Liquid nitrogen: -210 ~ –190°C
Dry ice (solid CO2): -78°C
December 04

BOND ENERGY 键能 (kJ/mol)

H--H    436                 H--C    413 

C--C    348                 H--N    391 

N--N    170                 H--O    366 

O--O 145                   H--F    568 

F--F    158                  H--Cl   432 

Cl-Cl   243                   H--Br   366 

Br-Br193                     H--I    298 

I--I   151  

   C--C   348 

C--C   348                    C=C    614 

C--N   308                    C-C triple  839 

C--O    360 

C--S    272                    O--O 145 

C--F    488                     O=O    498 

C--Cl  330 

C--Br  288                       N--N    170 

C--I    216                       N-N triple  945 

November 30

Top ten most visited national parks

Rank Name and location Number
of visitors
1. Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tenn. 9,192,477
2. Grand Canyon National Park, Ariz. 4,401,522
3. Yosemite National Park, Calif. 3,304,144
4. Olympic National Park, Wash. 3,142,774
5. Yellowstone National Park, Wyo.-Mont.-Idaho 2,835,651
6. Rocky Mountain National Park, Colo. 2,798,368
7. Zion National Park, Utah 2,586,665
8. Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio 2,533,827
9. Grand Teton National Park, Wyo. 2,463,442
10. Acadia National Park, Maine 2,051,484
 

Philic Chem

Occupation
Location
Interests
Nobel  
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